Decontamination by ultrasound application in fresh fruits and vegetables Abstract Changes in consumer eating habits, health concerns, and convenient and practical foods have led to an increased demand for fruit and vegetable products. Food safety is essential considering that there are reports of outbreaks involving the consumption of fruits and vegetables contaminated with pathogens. Washing associated with sanitizer procedure is considered as a critical step to satisfy hygienic and sanitary requirements and maintain the sensory and nutritional characteristics of fruits and vegetables. Chemical compounds are widely applied to clean and sanitize fresh fruits and vegetables, and some of these chemicals, such as the inorganic chlorine compounds, produce by-products that are dangerous to human health. The use of ultrasound is a technology that is gaining ground in the food industry. Ultrasound is a form of energy generated by sound waves at frequencies that are too high to be detected by ...
Effect of ohmic treatment on quality characteristic of meat: A review Abstract Ohmic cooking, a well-known electro-heating technique, provides an alternative method for cooking meat products due to its ability for rapid heat generation. Ohmic heating uses the resistance of meat products to convert the electric energy into heat. The rate of heat generation depends on the voltage gradient applied and the electrical conductivity of the meat product. The advantages of ohmic cooking over conventional heating include shorter processing times, higher yields, and less power consumption while still maintaining the colour and nutritional value of meat products. In recent years, ohmic cooking has increasingly drawn interest from the meat industry as a method to ensure the quality and the safety of meat products. The present paper reviews the effects of ohmic cooking on the physical, chemical, sensory, and microbiological quality characteristics and toxicological properties of meat and meat produ ...
Bio-nanocomposites for food packaging applications Abstract There is growing interest in developing bio-based polymers and innovative process technologies that can reduce the dependence on fossil fuel and move to a sustainable materials basis. Bio-nanocomposites open an opportunity for the use of new, high performance, light weight green nanocomposite materials making them to replace conventional non-biodegradable petroleum-based plastic packaging materials. So far, the most studied bio-nanocomposites suitable for packaging applications are starch and cellulose derivatives, polylactic acid (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL), poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB). The most promising nanoscale fillers are layered silicate nanoclays such as montmorillonite and kaolinite. In food packaging, a major emphasis is on the development of high barrier properties against the diffusion of oxygen, carbon dioxide, flavor compounds, and water vapor. Moreover, several nanostructure ...
Evaluation of the Use of Steel Bracing to Improve Seismic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Building Abstract The aim of this paper is to evaluate the possible improvement of seismic performance of existing reinforced concrete building (the 5th Building of UNS Engineering Faculty) by the use of steel bracing. Three methods of seismic evaluation are employed for the purpose of the study i.e. Nonlinear Static Pushover Displacement Coefficient Method as described in FEMA 356, Improvement of Nonlinear Static Pushover Displacement Coefficient Method as described in FEMA 440 and dynamic time history analysis following the Indonesian Code of Seismic Resistance Building (SNI 03-1726-2002) criteria. The results show that the target displacement determined from nonlinear pushover analysis of the existing building in X direction is 0.188 m and in Y direction is 0.132 m. The performance of this building could be categorized in between Life Safety (LS) - Collapse Prevention (CP) and plastic ...
Seismic active pressure distribution history behind rigid retaining walls Abstract Evaluating the seismic active earth pressure on retaining walls is currently based on pseudo-static method in practices. In this method, however, it is not simple, choosing an appropriate value for earthquake coefficient, which should fully reflect the dynamic characteristics of both soil and loading is an important problem. On the other hand, by using only two extra dynamic parameters that are shear wave velocity of soil and predominant frequency of probable earthquake, one can benefit from another more accurate tool called pseudo-dynamic method to solve the problem of earth pressure. In this study in the framework of limit equilibrium analysis, pseudo-dynamic method has been applied into horizontal slice method of analysis to account for the effect of earthquake on lateral earth pressure history behind rigid retaining walls. The pressure history resulted from a number of analyses shows that before an ...
Soil-Structure Interaction for Building Structures - Chapter 2 :Inertial Interaction Inertial interaction refers to displacements and rotations at the foundation level of a structure that result from inertia-driven forces such as base shear and moment. This chapter describes inertial soil-structure interaction effects. Inertial displacements and rotations can be a significant source of flexibility and energy dissipation in the soilstructure system. Section 2.1 discusses system behavior and highlights some of the principal effects of inertial interaction and the conditions for which its effects are significant. The methods focus on single degree-of-freedom systems, but they can be extrapolated to multi-degree-of-freedom systems with a dominant first mode. Section 2.2 provides a relatively detailed description of how foundation springs and dashpots can be specified to represent the flexibility and damping associated with soil-foundation interaction in translational and rotational vibrat ...
FORMULAS AND CHARTS FOR IMPEDANCES OF SURFACE AND EMBEDDED FOUNDATIONS Abstract A complete set of algebraic formulas and dimensionless charts is presented for readily computing the dynamic stiffnesses (K) and damping coefficients (C) of foundations harmonically oscillating on/in a homogeneous half‐space. All possible modes of vibration, a realistic range of Poisson's ratios, and a practically sufficient range of oscillation frequencies are considered. The foundations have a rigid basemat of any realistic solid geometric shape. The embedded foundations are prismatic, having a sidewall‐soil contact surface of height d, which may be only a fraction of the embedment depth D. Two numerical examples illustrate the use of the formulas and charts and elucidate the role of foundation shape and degree of embedment on radiation damping for various modes of vibration. A companion paper (Gazetas and Stokoe 1991) presents supporting experimental evidence from model tests. The two papers aim ...
A MACRO-ELEMENT FOR DYNAMIC SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION ANALYSES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS Abstract The scope of the paper is to present some aspects of the development of a "macro-element" for dynamic soil-structure interaction analyses of shallow foundations. Initially the concept of "macro-element" is introduced and is illustrated with the aid of a very simple example originating from structural engineering. Then the link is made with the modeling of the dynamic response of shallow foundations and the objectives and structure of such a tool are described with reference to the specific configuration of a circular footing resting on the surface of a heterogeneous purely cohesive soil. The principal features of the "macro-element" are then presented; the soil-structure interaction domain is reduced to a point that coincides with the center of the footing and all the (material and geometric) non-linearities are lumped at this point. A discussion on the most appropriate way to treat t ...
Nutrition for the sprinter Abstract The primary roles for nutrition in sprints are for recovery from training and competition and influencing training adaptations. Sprint success is determined largely by the power-to-mass ratio, so sprinters aim to increase muscle mass and power. However, extra mass that does not increase power may be detrimental. Energy and protein intake are important for increasing muscle mass. If energy balance is maintained, increased mass and strength are possible on a wide range of protein intakes, so energy intake is crucial. Most sprinters likely consume ample protein. The quantity of energy and protein intake necessary for optimal training adaptations depends on the individual athlete and training demands; specific recommendations for all sprinters are, at best, useless, and are potentially harmful. However, if carbohydrate and fat intake are sufficient to maintain energy levels, then increased protein intake is unlikely to be detrimental. The type and tim ...
Overview of the Physiology and Pathophysiology of Leptin With Special Emphasis on its Role in the Kidney Abstract The adipocyte product leptin is a pleiotropic adipokine and hormone, with a role extending beyond appetite suppression and increased energy expenditure. This review summarizes the biology of the leptin system and the roles of its different receptors in a multitude of cellular functions in different organs, with special emphasis on the kidney. Leptin's physiological functions as well as deleterious effects in states of leptin deficiency or hyperleptinemia are emphasized. Chronic hyperleptinemia can increase blood pressure through the sympathetic nervous system and renal salt retention. The concept of selective leptin resistance in obesity is emerging, whereby leptin's effect on appetite and energy expenditure is blunted, with a concomitant increase in leptin's other effects as a result of the accompanying hyperleptinemia. The divergence in response likely is explained by di ...
Cardiac responses to exercise in competitive child cyclists Abstract PURPOSE: Cardiovascular responses to exercise in highly trained child endurance athletes have not been well-defined. This study compared hemodynamic responses with progressive cycle exercise in seven competitive child cyclists (mean age 11.9 yr) compared with 39 age-matched untrained boys. METHODS: Doppler echocardiography and gas exchange variables were utilized to assess cardiovascular changes during submaximal and maximal exercise. RESULTS: Mean VO2max was 60.0 (+/-6.0) and 47.0 (+/-5.8) mL x kg(-1) x min(-1) in the cyclists and nonathletes, respectively. At rest and maximal exercise, the cyclists demonstrated greater stroke index than the untrained subjects (resting mean 59 (+/-6) vs 44 (+/-9) mL x m(-2); maximal mean 76 (+/-6) vs 60 (+/-11) mL x m(-2)), but the ratio of maximal:rest stroke index was similar in both groups (1.31 for cyclists, 1.41 for nonathletes). Both groups showed a plateau in stroke volume be ...
Review on leptin and adiponectin responses and adaptations to acute and chronic exercise Abstract Leptin and adiponectin represent two newly discovered adipose tissue derived hormones; that are both associated with health status and glucose and free fatty acid (FFA) metabolism. Moreover, acute and chronic exercises affect body composition, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is thus interesting to evaluate the effects of physical exercise and training on leptin and adiponectin levels. It seems that leptin concentration is not modified after short-term exercise ( or =60 min) stimulating FFA release, or after exercise that generates energy expenditure higher than 800 kcal. Adiponectin concentration presents a delayed increase (30 min) after short-term intense exercise ( or =60 min). Short-term training ( or =12 weeks) show contrasting results regarding leptin and adiponectin. Most training studies which improve fitness levels and affect body composition could decrease leptin and incre ...
Effects of capsinoid ingestion on energy expenditure and lipid oxidation at rest and during exercise Abstract BACKGROUND: The thermogenic and metabolic properties of capsinoids appear to mimic those of the more pungent sister compound capsaicin. However, few data exist on how capsinoid ingestion affects energy expenditure in humans and no data exist on its interaction with exercise. We aimed to determine how ingestion of capsinoids affected energy expenditure, lipid oxidation and blood metabolites at rest and during moderate intensity exercise. METHODS: Twelve healthy young men (age = 24.3 +/- 3 yr, BMI = 25.5 +/- 1.7 kg.m-2) were studied on two occasions in a double-blind design following ingestion of either placebo or 10 mg of purified capsinoids at rest, after 90 min of cycling at 55% VO2 peak, and for 30 min into recovery. Subjects ingested the capsules 30 min prior to exercise. RESULTS: At rest, following ingestion of capsinoids, we observed increases in VO2 and plasma norepineph ...
Endurance Training and Aerobic Fitness in Young People Abstract Training-induced adaptations in aerobic fitness have been extensively studied in adults, and some exercise scientists have recommended similar training programmes for young people. However, the subject of the response to aerobic training of children and adolescents is controversial. The effects of exercise training on prepubertal children are particularly debatable. The latter may be partly explained by different training designs, which make comparisons between studies very problematic. We have analysed the procedures applied to protocol design and training methods to highlight the real impact of aerobic training on the peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2) of healthy children and adolescents. In accordance with previously published reviews on trainability in youngsters, research papers were rejected from the final analysis according to criteria such as the lack of a control group, an unclear training protocol, inappropriate ...
Obesity and thermogenesis related to the consumption of caffeine, ephedrine, capsaicin, and green tea Abstract The global prevalence of obesity has increased considerably in the last decade. Tools for obesity management, including caffeine, ephedrine, capsaicin, and green tea have been proposed as strategies for weight loss and weight maintenance, since they may increase energy expenditure and have been proposed to counteract the decrease in metabolic rate that is present during weight loss. A combination of caffeine and ephedrine has shown to be effective in long-term weight management, likely due to different mechanisms that may operate synergistically, e.g., respectively inhibiting the phosphodiesterase-induced degradation of cAMP and enhancing the sympathetic release of catecholamines. However, adverse effects of ephedrine prevent the feasibility of this approach. Capsaicin has been shown to be effective, yet when it is used clinically it requires a strong compliance ...
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON MICROAGGREGATION TECHNIQUES FOR MICRODATA PROTECTION Abstract Microaggregation is an efficient Statistical Disclosure Control (SDC) perturbative technique for microdataprotection. It is a unified approach and naturally satisfies k-Anonymity without generalization orsuppression of data. Various microaggregation techniques: fixed-size and data-oriented for univariate andmultivariate data exists in the literature. These methods have been evaluated using the standard measures:Disclosure Risk (DR) and Information Loss (IL). Every time a new microaggregation technique wasproposed, a better trade-off between risk of disclosing data and data utility was achieved. Though thereexists an optimal univariate microaggregation method but unfortunately an optimal multivariatemicroaggregation method is an NP hard problem. Consequently, several heuristics have been proposed butno such method outperforms the other in all the possible criteria. In this paper we have performed a stu ...
Antibacterial effect of essential oils and interaction with food components Abstract The antibacterial effect of essential oils (EOs) derived from Citrus lemon, Juniperus communis, Origanum majorana, and Salvia sclarea, was investigated either alone or in combination, on 2 food related bacteria (Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli). The influence of food ingredients — hydrolyzed proteins originating from animal and plant (meat extract and soy peptone) and sucrose — on the antibacterial effect of EOs was also tested. The most effective antibacterial activities were obtained with marjoram and clary sage oil, alone and in combination. High concentration of meat extract protected the bacteria from the growth inhibiting effect of marjoram oil, while soy peptone had no such effect. Sucrose intensified the lag phase lengthening by marjoram oil in a dose-independent manner. Keywords Essential oils, Food ingredients, Growth rate, Lag phase اثر ضد باکتریایی روغن های ضروری (اسانس ...
Planning of sustainable cities in view of green architecture Abstract Green architecture usually symbolise the sustainability of modern cities. While urban central areas are usually endowed with a multitude of green spaces, they are also the areas that are most prone to the undesirable effects of growth and urbanisation. Planning of sustainable cities serves as a fundamental catalyst for change, improving environmental quality of the natural and built environments, and upgrading conditions for development of green architecture. This paper analyses strategies that have been used in Baku, Azerbaijan, and a focuses on the strategies of sustainable development, that have been used to upgrade the environmental quality of this city. Keywords sustainable city, urban planning, green architecture, environmental quality, Baku برنامه ریزی پایدار شهرها براساس معماری سبز چکیده معماری سبز، معمولا نمادی از پایداری شهرهای مدرن است.در حالی که نواحی مرکزی شهرها معمولا با فضاهای سبز احاطه شده است، باا ...
Student and Faculty Beliefs About Learning in Higher Education: Implications for Teaching abstract: Beliefs about learning can influence whether or not a student learns course material. However, few studies in higher education have compared student and faculty beliefs about learning. In the current study, students and faculty agreed on many aspects of learning--including the definition of learning, which most hinders learning and where learning should take place--and had similar beliefs about learning styles. Though these similarities were mostly encouraging, beliefs about where learning should take place and in learning styles could undermine learning efforts. The implications of these beliefs are discussed and suggestions for promoting learning in the context of these findings are offered. باورهای دانشجویان و اساتید در مورد یادگیری در آموزش عالی: نتایجی برای تدریس چکیده اعتقادات در مورد یادگیری می تواند در مواد دوره های یادگیری یک دانشجو تأثیر بگذارد. با این حال ...
Pulsed light for food decontamination: a review Pulsed light (PL) is a technique to decontaminate surfaces by killing microorganisms using pulses of an intense broad spectrum, rich in UV-C light. The present review is focused on the application of PL for food decontamination. It revises the mechanism of microbial inactivation (UV-C as the most important part of the spectrum, photothermal and photochemical mechanisms, inactivation curve, peak power dependence, and photoreactivation), the factors affecting its efficacy, the advantages and problems associated with PL treatment, and results obtained in vitro. Examples of applications to foods are given, including microbial inactivation, and effects on food matrices. نور تکانشی برای ضدعفونی مواد غذایی: یک بررسی نور تکانشی (PL) تکنیکی برای ضدعفونی کردن سطوح با کشتن میکروارگانیسم ها با استفاده از پالس های طیف گسترده شدید، سرشار از نور UV-C می باشد.بررسی حاضر بر استفاده از PL برای ضدعفونی مواد غذایی متمرکز شده است. این اصلاح مکانیسم ...